LDH / Lactate Modulating Substances — Reference Table

Practical summary of reported LDH inhibitors and lactate-modulating agents. Columns: category, substance, mechanism/notes, best taken with, timing considerations, and evidence rank.

Category	Substance	Notes on LDH / Lactate Effect	Best Taken With	Timing Consideration	Evidence Rank
Research-Grade	Oxamate	Classic LDH inhibitor (pyruvate analog). Primarily used in vitro/in vivo research.	Not applicable	Research use only	–
Research-Grade	Galloflavin	Flavonoid reported to selectively inhibit LDH-A in preclinical studies.	With fats or bioenhancers (piperine, quercetin)	Likely better in fasting or with a light fat-containing meal	+
Research-Grade	FX11	Small-molecule LDH-A inhibitor used in preclinical cancer models.	Not available clinically	Experimental / research only	+
Research-Grade	3-Bromopyruvate (3-BP)	Potent glycolysis and LDH inhibitor but highly toxic; not safe for general use.	Unsafe for general use	Research/clinical trial setting only	–
Natural	EGCG (green tea)	Direct LDH inhibition reported; reduces lactate production in multiple studies.	Water or empty stomach (avoid iron-rich meals)	Morning or fasting state for better absorption	++
Natural	Resveratrol	Downregulates LDH-A expression and lowers lactate output in preclinical work.	With fat (olive oil, nuts) to improve bioavailability	Morning / fasting favors NAD⁺ modulation	++
Natural	Curcumin	Suppresses LDH-A and other glycolytic enzymes; often combined with piperine.	With fat + piperine (black pepper)	With a meal (midday) for absorption	++
Natural	Quercetin	Inhibits LDH-A activity and reduces glycolytic flux in preclinical studies.	With fat or phospholipids (lecithin)	Midday; often synergistic with resveratrol	++
Natural	Apigenin	Reported to reduce LDH-A and suppress glycolysis; also has calming properties.	With fat	Evening (calming / possible GABAergic effects)	+
Natural	Silibinin (milk thistle)	LDH suppression reported alongside hepatoprotective actions.	With meal or fat	Morning or evening (supports liver cycles)	++
Natural	Baicalein	Flavone from Scutellaria: reported LDH-A inhibition and glycolytic blockade.	With fat; often as part of an herbal decoction	Evening (may be sedating)	+
Repurposed / Metabolic	Metformin	Indirectly reduces glycolysis / NADH load via AMPK and mitochondrial effects.	With food (reduces GI upset)	Typically morning ± evening dosing to maintain steady levels	+++
Repurposed / Metabolic	Dichloroacetate (DCA)	Activates PDH (via PDK inhibition) pushing pyruvate into mitochondria — lowers lactate.	Water; some protocols include thiamine support	Morning or early afternoon (mitochondrial activation)	++
Repurposed / Metabolic	Lonidamine	Glycolysis / LDH targeting agent used investigationally in oncology settings.	With food (per trials)	Clinical trial / supervised use	+
Repurposed / Metabolic	Nicotinamide (B3, high dose)	Alters NAD⁺/NADH balance, potentially reducing LDH activity in some contexts.	With water	Morning (can affect sleep if taken late)	++
Other / Experimental	Gossypol	Natural LDH-A inhibitor described in literature but toxic at active doses.	Not recommended	Research / clinical supervision only	–
Other / Experimental	FX-11 derivatives	Next-generation research LDH inhibitors derived from FX11 — preclinical pipeline.	Not applicable	Research setting	+

Legend — Evidence Rank: +++ = clinical / human data; ++ = strong preclinical or animal evidence; + = cell culture / in vitro or early reports; – = mostly experimental, unsafe, or not practical for general use.